Without immediate global cuts in carbon dioxide emissions, heat extremes never experienced before in this part of the world could affect 15% of sub-Saharan Africa, says a UN report

A report released by the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has found that if the world continues to warm at its current rate, global temperatures will rise by 1.5°C between 2030 and 2052. This will have catastrophic effects on water scarcity, global food production, and almost entirely wipe out global coral reef systems.

For Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa in particular the findings of the report are especially damning. Natural disasters such as droughts and floods have been thwarting development in the African continent. Fluctuations in agricultural production due to climate variations along with inefficient agricultural systems cause food insecurity, one of the most obvious indicators of poverty. Without immediate global cuts in carbon dioxide emissions, average temperatures in Africa will rise more than two degrees celsius above pre-industrial levels by 2050. By this time, heat extremes never experienced before by humans in this part of the world could affect 15% of sub-Saharan Africa’s land area in the hot season, causing deaths and threatening farmers’ ability to grow crops.

The report is the result of the work of 91 dedicated lead authors and review editors from 40 countries, and the inputs of 133 contributing authors. This group assessed more than 6000 scientific publications on climate change and climate change mitigation strategies.

Speaking after the report was approved in Incheon, South Korea, on Monday, Former UN Secretary General, Ban Ki-moon said that “Climate change is a global challenge demanding global solutions. Climate change respects no borders; our actions must transcend all frontiers. Equity, inclusivity and cooperation must underpin our collective response to meet the 1.5 degree target, with states acting in the same spirit that led to the Paris Agreement and the SDGs.”

The report found that pledges that governments made over the last three years are not enough to keep warming below 1.5°C, even with ambitious and very challenging efforts after 2030.

Under the Paris Agreement, signed in 2015, 197 countries agreed to hold the rise in average global temperature to “well-below 2 degrees centigrade above pre-industrial levels” and to make efforts to limit the average rise in temperature to 1.5 degrees centigrade. South Africa has ratified the Paris Agreement however these pledges are well below what is needed to reach the 1.5 degrees celsius temperature target.

Rising temperatures would also mean that megacities like Lagos in Nigeria will be more vulnerable to heat stress, meaning more than 350 million people exposed to potentially deadly heat.

Although the report found that this is not impossible, it will require unprecedented transitions in all aspects of society.

Limiting global warming to 1.5° implies reducing emissions of carbon dioxide by about 45% by 2030, compared to 2010 levels. This would require rapid and deep emission reductions in all sectors as well as the use of a wide range of technologies such as removing carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere. Methods for doing this include: planting trees; bioenergy combined with carbon dioxide capture and storage; changed land management.

With 1.5 degrees celsius of global warming:

• African regions experience one to three heatwaves per year . Under 1.5 degrees celsius of warming, this number could more than double by 2050.
• Rising temperatures, drought, and unstable weather patterns have serious implications for African food security. Every degree of global temperature rise reduces global yields of wheat by 6.0%, rice by 3.2%, maize by 7.4%, and soybean by 3.1%. Some regions are more affected than others - for example in West Africa, wheat yields could fall by up to 25% if temperatures rise 1.5°C.
• Rising temperatures would also mean that megacities like Lagos in Nigeria will be more vulnerable to heat stress, with perhaps twice as many becoming affected by the middle of the century, meaning more than 350 million people exposed to potentially deadly heat.

Water shortages in vulnerable regions : The amount of freshwater available in rivers and lakes could decrease by 9% in the Mediterranean , 10% in Australia, and 7% in in north-east Brazil as a result of a 1.5°C temperature rise. Glaciers in the high mountains of Asia play an important role in the water supply of millions of people living downstream. 800 million people are at least partly dependent on meltwater from these glaciers. In a world where temperatures are limited to 1.5°C by the end of the century, around a third of the ice stored in these glaciers would be lost.

Nearly all coral reefs lost : Between 2014 and 2017, 21 of the 29 reefs listed as World Heritage Sites suffered from heat stress as a result of rising ocean temperatures. In a scenario where temperatures rise 1.5 °C by the end of the century, nine out of ten of coral reefs are at risk from severe degradation from 2050 onwards. This declines to 70% by 2100 - meaning that some coral reefs have a chance of survival. At the moment, coral reefs provide about US$30 billion annually to the world economy, in coastal protection, building materials, fisheries and tourism.

Food production suffers : Rising temperatures, drought and unstable weather patterns have serious implications for global food production. Every degree of global temperature rise reduces global yields of wheat by 6.0%, rice by 3.2%, maize by 7.4%, and soybean by 3.1%. Some regions are more affected than others - for example in West Africa, wheat yields could fall by up to 25% if temperatures rise 1.5°C. Fishing will also be affected. Every year, about 82 million tonnes of fish are caught in the sea. For every degree of warming, this could decrease by 3 million tonnes. This may be an underestimate, as it doesn't take into account the potential impact of coral reef collapse, ocean acidification or overfishing on fish populations.

Rising sea levels displace people : Climate change causes sea level rise for two reasons: because water expands as it warms, and because melting ice sheets add water to the seas. 46 million people currently live in areas that are at risk of permanent inundation from sea level rise if temperatures rise by 1.5°C,equivalent to about 70% of the number of people currently displaced from their homes globally by war, instability or human rights violations.